LA PAZ, Bolivia—Former President Evo Morales arrived Tuesday in Mexico after being granted asylum, leaving chaos behind him as Bolivian legislators struggled to name a successor and army troops and police patrolled streets to prevent violence and looting.

Mr. Morales landed in Mexico City in a Gulfstream jet belonging to the Mexican Air Force after a circuitous, 15-hour trek across swaths of South America and a night of frantic diplomatic efforts involving officials of at least seven countries.

...