Facebook Inc.’s profit machine showed little wear and tear from the beating the social-media giant has received lately in Washington, though chief executive Mark Zuckerberg warned the political pressure could soon take a toll.

After briefly mentioning Facebook’s strong third-quarter financial performance on a quarterly earnings call Wednesday, Mr. Zuckerberg defended the company’s controversial moves that have made it a punching bag on the 2020 campaign trail and on Capitol Hill.

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