Predicting extreme events is essential to the preparation and protection of vulnerable regions, especially at a time of climate change. The city of Santos on the coast of São Paulo state (Brazil) is Latin America's largest port and has been the focus for significant case studies, not least because of the storm surges that threaten its infrastructure and the local ecosystems.

An article reporting the results of a study that focused on a critical part of Santos and used advanced machine learning tools to optimize existing extreme event prediction systems has been published in Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

It mobilized a large number of researchers and was coordinated by Anna Helena Reali Costa, full professor at the University of São Paulo's Engineering School (POLI-USP). The first author is Marcel Barros, a researcher in POLI-USP's Department of Computer Engineering and Digital Systems.

The models used to predict sea surface heights, high tides, wave heights and so on are based on differential equations comprising temporal and spatial information such as astronomic tide (determined by the relative positions of the sun, moon and Earth), wind regime, current velocity and salinity, among many others.

These models are successful in several areas but they are complex and depend on a number of simplifications and hypotheses. Moreover, new measurements and other data sources cannot always be integrated into them to make forecasts more reliable.

Although modelers are increasingly using machine learning methods capable of identifying patterns in data and extrapolating to new situations, a great many examples are required to train the algorithms that perform complex tasks such as those involved in weather forecasting and storm tide prediction.

"Our study combined the two worlds to develop a model based on machine learning that uses physical models as a starting point but refines them by adding measured data. This research field is known as physics-informed machine learning, or PIML," Barros explained.

Harmonization of these two sources of information is fundamental to develop more precise and accurate forecasts. However, the use of sensor data faces significant technical challenges, owing especially to its irregular nature and problems such as missing data, temporal displacements, and variations in sampling frequencies. Sensors that fail can take days to be brought back online, but the mechanisms for predicting storm tides must be capable of operating continuously without the missing data.

"To address situations with highly irregular data, we developed an innovative technique to represent the passing of time in neural networks. This representation lets the model be told the position and size of the missing data windows, so that it considers them in its predictions of tide and wave heights," Barros said.

More information: Marcel Barros et al, Early Detection of Extreme Storm Tide Events Using Multimodal Data Processing, Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2024). DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v38i20.30194