This salt battery harvests osmotic energy where the river meets the sea
An improved membrane (yellow line) dramatically increased the amount of osmotic power harvested from salt gradients, like those found in estuaries where salt water (left tank) meets fresh water (right tank). Credit: Adapted from ACS Energy Letters 2024, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00320

Estuaries—where freshwater rivers meet the salty sea—are great locations for birdwatching and kayaking. In these areas, waters containing different salt concentrations mix and may be sources of sustainable, "blue" osmotic energy.

Researchers in ACS Energy Letters report creating a semipermeable membrane that harvests osmotic energy from gradients and converts it to electricity. The new design had an density more than two times higher than commercial membranes in lab demonstrations.

Osmotic energy can be generated anywhere salt gradients are found, but the available technologies to capture this have room for improvement. One method uses an array of reverse electrodialysis (RED) membranes that act as a sort of "salt battery," generating electricity from pressure differences caused by the salt gradient.

To even out that gradient, positively charged ions from seawater, such as sodium, flow through the system to the freshwater, increasing the pressure on the membrane. To further increase its harvesting power, the membrane also needs to keep a low internal electrical resistance by allowing electrons to easily flow in the opposite direction of the ions.

Previous research suggests that improving both the flow of ions across the RED membrane and the efficiency of electron transport would likely increase the amount of electricity captured from osmotic energy. So, Dongdong Ye, Xingzhen Qin and colleagues designed a semipermeable membrane from environmentally friendly materials that would theoretically minimize internal resistance and maximize output power.

The researchers' RED membrane prototype contained separate (i.e., decoupled) channels for ion transport and electron transport. They created this by sandwiching a negatively charged cellulose hydrogel (for ion transport) between layers of an organic, electrically conductive polymer called polyaniline (for electron transport).

Initial tests confirmed their theory that decoupled channels resulted in higher ion conductivity and lower resistivity compared to homogenous membranes made from the same materials.

In a that simulated an estuary environment, their prototype achieved an output power density 2.34 times higher than a commercial RED and maintained performance during 16 days of non-stop operation, demonstrating its long-term, stable performance underwater. In a final test, the team created a salt battery array from 20 of their RED membranes and generated enough electricity to individually power a calculator, LED light and stopwatch.

Ye, Qin and their say their findings expand the range of ecological materials that could be used to make RED membranes and improve osmotic energy-harvesting performance, making these systems more feasible for real-world use.

More information: Decoupled Ionic and Electronic Pathways for Enhanced Osmotic Energy Harvesting, ACS Energy Letters (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00320

Citation: Salt battery harvests osmotic energy where the river meets the sea (2024, April 24) retrieved 24 April 2024 from https://techxplore.com/news/2024-04-salt-battery-harvests-osmotic-energy.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.