To the Editor: On March 31, 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China notified the World Health Organization of 3 cases of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. These cases were caused by a novel virus that was identified by laboratory testing at the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on March 29 (1).
As of April 19, 2013, a total of 91 laboratory-confirmed human cases (17 deaths) of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were reported in 4 provinces in China (2). We report clinical features of 2 infected adults who died, 2 critically ill infected adults who recovered, and 1 infected child who had a mild case during this outbreak in Shanghai, China.
A 3.5-year-old boy had fever (39.5°C) for 3 days and mild rhinorrhea starting on March 31. He was admitted to a district pediatric outpatient clinic on April 1. At admission, the child was given oseltamivir for 5 days, even though signs and symptoms had resolved. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were positive by real-time PCR for avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. All symptoms resolved uneventfully by April 3, and CDC was notified that avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was identified in his respiratory sample. The patient was discharged on day 11 after illness onset.
The 4 adult patients were given diagnoses of severe pneumonia with shortness of breath, dyspnea, and marked hypoxia (Table). Duration from disease onset to severe illness was 5–7 days. At admission, the 4 patients with severe cases had decreased peripheral blood leukocyte counts and increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase; 3 had increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (Table).
Table
Characteristics for 4 patients infected with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, Shanghai, China*
| Chacteristic | Patient 1† | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y/sex | 52/F | 49/M | 67/M | 65/M |
| Exposure to poultry | None | Continuous | None | None |
| Sign or symptom at admission | Fever (40.6°C) for 7 d, cough for 1 d, difficulty breathing starting 7 d after illness onset | Fever (39.8°C) for 3 d, cough for 5 d, difficulty breathing and cyanosis starting 5 d after illness onset | Fever (39.7°C) and cough for 7 d starting 7 d after illness onset | Fever (39.0°C) for 5 d, cough for 2 d starting 5 d after illness onset |
| Physical examination results | HR 120 bpm, RR 40 breaths/min, BP 140/75 mm Hg, decreased breath sounds, no rales | RR 40 breaths/min, BP 240/160 mm Hg, diffuse moist rales | HR 100 bpm, RR 30 breaths/min, BP 110/78 mm Hg, moist rales mainly in left lung | HR 82 bpm, RR 21 breaths/min, BP 118/74 mm Hg, decreased breath sounds in lower left lung, no rales |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Leukocyte count, ×109/L | 3.29 | 2.9 | 2.89 | 3.74 |
| Neutrophils, % | 92 | 69.1 | 78.6 | 76.7 |
| Lymphocytes, % | 5.5 | 25.2 | 15.4 | 18.2 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 155 | 71 | 172 | 82 |
| AST, U/L | 95 | 258 | 45 | 77 |
| LDH, U/L | 525 | >2,150 | 209 | 492 |
| CPK, U/L | 351 | >1,600 | 170 | 1,854 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 16 | 32 | 7 | 31 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 69.7 | 116.0 | 84.2 | 74.3 |
| Medications after hospitalization | ||||
| Oseltamivir | Started d 13 after illness onset | None | Started d 11 after illness onset | Started d 10 after illness onset |
| Antimicrobial drugs | MOX started d 13 after illness onset | MOX started d 10 after illness onset | AZT started d 11 after illness onset, MOX started d 15 after illness onset | CEF started d 11–12 after illness onset, MOX started d 13 after illness onset |
| Corticosteroids | MEP, 80 mg/d started d 14 after illness onset | MEP, 80 mg/d started d 10 after illness onset | MEP, 80 mg/d started d 11 after illness onset, decreased to 40 mg/d, stopped after 1 wk | None |
| Immunoglobulin | Started d 13 after illness onset | None | Given d 11–15 after illness onset | None |
| Other conditions | Diabetes mellitus, surgery for thyroid cancer | Obesity | None | Hypertension |
| Outcome | Died 14 d after illness onset | Died 10 d after illness onset | Discharged 30 d after illness onset | Discharged 27 d after illness onset |
*HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; BP, blood pressure, AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB; MOX, moxifloxacin; AZT, azithromycin; CEF, ceftriaxone; MEP, methylprednisolone.
†Data for patient 1 were reported by Yang et al. (3) and are included for comparison.
All 4 adult patients had radiologically confirmed pneumonia and bilateral patchy alveolar opacities or diffused lobar consolidation with or without pleural effusion (Figure, Appendix). Findings on chest radiographs for severe cases requiring mechanical ventilation were consistent with those for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Chest computed tomographic scans for 3 patients infected with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, Shanghai, China. A) Patient 1, who died, showing extensive lung infiltrates at day 7 of illness onset. B) Patient 3, who had a severe case, showing partial rear lung infiltrations on both sides of the lung and partial normal lung at day 7 of illness onset. C) Patient 4, who had a mild case, showing only partial left lung lobar involvement at day 9 of illness onset.
Among the 4 severe cases in adults, a 52-year-old woman (patient 1) and a 49-year-old man (patient 2) died from acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure on days 14 and 10, respectively, after disease onset and 1–2 days after progression to respiratory failure. Two other patients showed improvement and were virus negative 6 and 4 days after antiviral treatment. After 23–24 days of treatment in an intensive care unit, the 2 patients with severe cases recovered and were discharged (Table).
The 2 patients who died were given methylprednisolone. Of the 2 patients who recovered, 1 was given a low dose of methylprednisolone for 1 week and the other was not given methylprednisolone. Although it is difficult to assess the role of glucocorticoids in treatment because of limited number of cases, caution is advised because of possible serious adverse events, including death, as reported for human infection with influenza A(H1N1) virus (4).
One of the adult patients reported exposure to poultry. The family of the child patient raised chickens and ducks, but these animals had no apparent disease, and cloacal swab specimens were negative for avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. One patient who died (patient 2) had frequent occupational exposure to poultry. Sixteen contacts of the child and 45 contacts of the 4 adult patients were monitored, and routine virologic sampling was performed. One contact (husband of patient 1) of a patient who died (Table) became febrile and was positive for avian influenza A(H7N9) virus on April 12 (day 24 after disease onset for patient 1); as of the date of this report, he was receiving treatment in an intensive care unit. However, it is difficult to tell if this is a case of human-to-human transmission or if both persons were exposed to infectious poultry. All remaining contacts had no symptoms and were negative for virus by PCR.
Several features of this avian influenza A(H7N9) outbreak are distinct from those of previous avian influenza outbreaks. Human infection with this virus showed a case-fatality rate of 18.7% (17/91), but this rate is not as high as that for avian influenza A(H5N1) virus (case-fatality rate 59%) (5).
Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection seems to cause more severe human illness than do other subgroups of H7 influenza A viruses (subtypes H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7), which are usually associated with poultry outbreaks but cause mild disease in humans. However, infection with avian influenza A(H7N7) virus resulted in the death of a veterinarian during an outbreak in the Netherlands (6). In the 5 patients reported here, avian influenza A(H7N9) virus caused fatal disease in 2 adult patients 52 and 49 years of age, who had other medical conditions. Older age has been reported to confer higher risk for developing more severe influenza-associated outcomes (7).
In conclusion, these cases indicated that avian influenza A(H7N9) virus might not be as virulent as avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in humans. Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus does not appear to cause obvious disease in poultry and causes mild disease in children. More severe disease in adults occurred among those had concurrent diseases or were immunodeficient.
References
1. Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, Feng Z, Wang D, Hu W, et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].http:// [PubMed]
3. Yang F, Wang J, Jiang L, Jin JL, Shao LY, Zhang Y, et al. A fatal case caused by novel H7N9 avian influenza A virus in China. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2013;2:e19 .10.1038/emi.2013.22 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. Brun-Buisson C, Richard JC, Mercat A, Thiébaut AC, Brochard L. REVA-SRLF A/H1N1v 2009 Registry Group. Early corticosteroids in severe influenza A/H1N1 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1200–6 10.1164/rccm.201101-0135OC [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
5. Update on human cases of influenza at the human–animal interface. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:137–44 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Van Kerkhove MD, Vandemaele KA, Shinde V, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Koukounari A, Donnelly CA, et al. Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection: a global pooled analysis. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001053 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001053 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]